Upon manuscript submission, the handling editor will conduct an initial desk screening within 3–5 working days to eliminate manuscripts that fail to meet basic journal requirements. Manuscripts will receive an immediate desk rejection for any of the following circumstances:

• The manuscript fails to comply with journal formatting templates, word count limits, reference standards or submission guidelines;
• Confirmed plagiarism, duplicate submission, self-plagiarism exceeding the journal’s threshold, data fabrication or forged experimental results;
• The manuscript is a simple excerpt of the author’s graduation thesis without substantial rewriting and independent academic value, or the author conceals the thesis-derived source during submission;
• The content involves illegal, discriminatory, violent, unethical human/animal experimental research without valid ethical approval documents;
• Incomplete author information, missing conflict of interest statement, missing ethics approval certificate, or incomplete supplementary data required by the journal;
• Malicious submission, forged institutional affiliation, fake academic credentials, or false contact information provided by the corresponding author.

Anonymity Rules

• Reviewers cannot obtain any information identifying authors (names, institutions, email, funding sources);
• Authors will not receive any personal information of assigned reviewers (names, research backgrounds, affiliated organizations);
• All review comments, reviewer identities and review records are permanently confidential and will never be disclosed to authors or third parties under normal circumstances.

Reviewer Assignment Standard

Each valid manuscript will be assigned a minimum of 2 independent peer reviewers with matching research expertise in the manuscript’s discipline. If the two reviewers deliver conflicting recommendations (Accept / Reject), the handling editor will invite a third neutral reviewer to deliver a conclusive evaluation.

To guarantee objective and impartial evaluation, all editorial board members, associate editors, handling editors and invited reviewers must strictly follow conflict of interest rules and recuse themselves from handling manuscripts in the following situations:

• The reviewer/editor shares the same institution, research laboratory, research project or joint funding with any author of the manuscript;
• Close academic cooperation, supervisor-student relationship or family kinship exists between reviewers/editors and authors within the past 3 years;
• Direct competitive academic research projects are being carried out between reviewers/editors and the manuscript authors;
• Any potential financial, commercial or interest connection that may affect objective judgment.

All recusal applications must be submitted to the editorial office in writing before reviewing the manuscript. Concealment of conflicts of interest is treated as a serious violation of editorial ethics.

The journal permits authors to reorganize and rewrite undergraduate, master’s or doctoral graduation theses into independent manuscripts for submission and peer review, subject to the following mandatory review compliance rules:

• Mandatory Disclosure: The corresponding author must clearly state in the cover letter that the manuscript is adapted from a graduation thesis, and cite the original thesis in the reference list; concealed thesis source information triggers immediate desk rejection.
• Independent Academic Value Requirement: Simple segmentation and excerpting of thesis chapters without substantial rewriting is not acceptable; the text overlap ratio between manuscript and original thesis must not exceed the threshold specified in the Author Guidelines.
• Copyright Authorization Obligation: If the university holds partial or exclusive copyright of the graduation thesis, authors must provide written publication authorization from the institution before submission; any copyright disputes arising from missing authorization shall be borne solely by the corresponding author.

Only manuscripts issued an Official Final Formal Acceptance Letter after completing peer review enter the formal publication workflow:

• Fee Payment Notice: The editorial office will send an APC payment notice to the corresponding author. Authors may submit service selection applications via official email to choose standard publication track, priority production service, and/or professional language polishing service. All value-added service fees are settled separately from APC and do not enjoy APC discount/waiver benefits.
• Production Process: After fee confirmation, the editorial team will complete copyediting, standardized typesetting, proofreading, DOI registration and metadata archiving. Authors who purchase the Priority Production Service will be arranged in an expedited production queue (only shortening post-acceptance procedures, with no impact on prior peer review).
• Language Polishing Arrangement: If authors purchase the post-acceptance language polishing service operated by the LLC business team, polishing work will be completed before formal typesetting; language editing only optimizes linguistic expression and will not alter research data or core conclusions.
• Official Online Release: Once the production process is finished, the manuscript will be permanently published online with a unique, non-revocable DOI, and metadata will be submitted to cooperating global academic indexing databases.

Voluntary Author-Initiated Withdrawal (No Academic Misconduct Confirmed)

Before online publication: The corresponding author may submit a formal written withdrawal application via official email. Refunds of APC and value-added service fees shall be implemented in accordance with the APC Fees & Refund Policy.

After online publication with valid DOI: The full text of the article will remain permanently on the journal website with an official withdrawal notice attached; the DOI remains permanently valid, and the original copyright and CC BY 4.0 license effect will not be changed. Partial or full refunds are not available for published manuscripts.

Retraction Due to Verified Academic Misconduct

If the editorial office and editorial board jointly confirm serious academic misconduct including plagiarism, data fabrication, duplicate submission, fake peer review, falsified ethical documents or undisclosed conflicts of interest, the journal reserves the right to:

• Release an official retraction announcement publicly on the journal website;
• Permanently remove the full text of the manuscript from online archives;
• Notify all cooperative academic indexing databases to mark the article as retracted;
• Forfeit all paid APC and value-added service fees with no refund available.

Author Ethical Responsibilities

• Guarantee all submitted work is original, with complete legal copyright; no plagiarism, data manipulation, duplicate submission or fake peer review;
• All authors listed have made substantial academic contributions to the research, and no ghostwriting, honorary authorship or gift authorship is permitted;
• Fully disclose all funding sources, institutional conflicts of interest, ethical approval records for human/animal experiments;
• Comply with all revision deadlines, truthfully respond to reviewer comments, and provide complete original raw research data upon editorial request;
• Bear full legal liability for any copyright disputes or academic misconduct arising from the submitted manuscript.

Reviewer Ethical Responsibilities

• Complete review reports objectively, neutrally and within the specified timeframe, based purely on the academic quality, innovation and rigor of the manuscript;
• Strictly maintain the confidentiality of all unreviewed manuscripts, review comments and internal editorial information; do not share manuscript content with any third party;
• Timely submit recusal requests when conflicts of interest exist; avoid subjective biased evaluation, personal attack or discriminatory remarks in review reports;
• Do not use unpublished manuscript content for personal research or unpublished academic projects without written authorization from the journal and authors.